Analysis Of Chimamanda Ngozi s We Should All Be...

Wellesley’s 2015 graduating class marks 137th commencement address, and in doing so, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie gives a passionate speech to the â€Å"sisters† of Wellesley College. Adichie rests as a prominent figure in modern feminist culture. Adichie was the recipient of the MacArthur Genius Grant and has written multiple best seller books focusing on life in Nigeria and gender equality. Adichie’s mother, Grace Ifeoma, was the first female registrar at the University of Nigeria and her father, James Nwoye Adichie, was a professor of statistics at the same university (Daria). About three weeks before Adichie’s commencement speech, her father was abducted and held for ransom in Nigeria (Adichie). Though her father was free at the time of this speech, this horrific and traumatizing event in Adichie’s life, caused her to reevaluate what matters most in her life. For Adichie, feminism is rooted in her heart as a core value. Less than a year before this speech, Adichie released a short book titled, â€Å"We Should All Be Feminists†. Not only was this novel published, but Adichie also read it aloud at a â€Å"Ted Talk†. Adichie strives to bring awareness to feminism, and encourages both men and women to partake in this movement. Driven by her passionate belief in feminism, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie formulates her speech to inspire women to be themselves, to advocate for what they truly value, and to invite everyone to become feminists. Adichie begins her speech in an attempt to make theShow MoreRelatedGender Socialization Is The Process Of Learning The Social1326 Words   |  6 PagesGender socialization is the process of learning the social prospects and behaviors connected with one s sex. According to gender socialization there are so many reasons why males and females act in different ways: they learn different social roles. For example, girls learn to do different household chores such as: how to cook, how to clean, how to do sweep, how to take care of family etc and boys learn to work outside, how to earn money, how to rule the world etc. The effect of family, school, mediaRead MoreWhat s Africana Womanism From Other Ideologies Or Schools Of Thought?1798 Words   |  8 Pagesgroups, many of which later transformed into feminist groups, and Black women. Nevertheless, many Black women choose to identify as a â€Å"Black Feminist† or â€Å"African Feminist† in an attempt to forge a pro-women and p ro-Black space. Black Feminism sought to address the same intersectional issues (including misogynoir) facing Black women as Africana Womanism with a different approach. The Black Feminist school of thought is characterized by â€Å"an intersectional analysis: gender, sexuality, race, and class.† [BLACK

The Death Of Mario - Original Writing - 867 Words

My Crotchety Ways In the late nineties, Mackenzie High School expelled Mario in his senior year for gang fighting. Mario was a lost soul walking through the streets of Detroit acting giddy, and very ignorant. Mario would astray from his goals as the streets required his attention, therefore Mario was prepared to do any and everything Mario recognized was immoral. Mario was discontented and being around an irksome cluster of friends that brought nothing but trouble. Mario would soon find discernment and maturity within himself, by returning to school to obtain his high school diploma also creating a better way of life and with the help of others, he is on his way with the dream of working with computers in the IT field. Mario currently attends Wayne County Community College in his fifth semester with perchance of obtaining an Associate of Applied Science in Computer Information System. The day Mario strolled into Mackenzie High School in 1993 would alter his life forever. As a freshman at a high schoo l with classmates much older than himself, Mario would soon find himself in a world of trouble. Mario completed all his work and attended his classes demanding good grades and avoiding trouble. Mario was not a straight ‘A’ student, however he gave it his all with an ambition to learn, work, and paying attention in class. Having a formulator skill in art, Mackenzie had selected Mario to participate in an art contest for Mackenzie High School young artists. Mario won firstShow MoreRelatedOriginality in Movies820 Words   |  4 Pagesoriginality was something to strive for. It seemed that doing something nobody had done before would yield the best results, but it now seems that may not be the case. After looking through AFI’s list of the top 100 films of all time, it is clear that the death of originality in Hollywood isn’t something that is keeping a film from being considered great and is in fact helping make more profit for the movie industry. 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So important is music’s value that it has been recorded throughout history of mankind in numerous ancient writings including the sacred Hindu scripture, Veda. Thus it is no surprise that even today the value and contribution of music has not declined but on the contrary, risen. Soul, blues, country, metallic, rap, jazz , pop or gospels you name it;Read MoreEssay about Factors That Impacted Miss Emilys Behavior1770 Words   |  8 Pagesresolves the issue by killing him and establishing, for the rest of her life, a conjugal attachment to his corpse. There does, indeed, seem to be some justification for this view in the primary text itself, as Faulker explains Emily’s original denial of her father’s death as follows: â€Å"we knew that with nothing left, she would have to cling to that which had robbed her, as people will†. 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National Construction Code OF Australia †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The National Construction Code OF Australia? Answer: Introducation The National Construction Code (NCC) of Australia is a governmental initiative that was created with a view to develop a single code for all the on-site construction requirements in the country (Board 2015). The NCC consists of the Building Code of Australia (BCA) Volume one and two and the Plumbing Coda of Australia (PCA) as Volume three. The Building Code of Australia (BCA) is the main code that assesses building approvals in Australia. It is a set of technical provisions for the construction and design of the buildings and other structures applicable throughout Australia. The provisions are uniform in nature. The BCA is produced and regulated by the Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB). The reason behind frequent review and amendments in the BCA is twofold: firstly, to ensure that the building related works are being carried out in compliance with the Building Code. Secondly, the amendments are made with a view to avert any form of contractual disputes that may arise due to no-compliance (Dimyadi and Amor 2013). A joint initiative of the ABCB and the Australian government along with the state and territory governments is to address issues related to health, safety, sustainability and amenity through the National Construction Code (NCC) with an intention to attain universal minimum and consistent standards. Australian standards Several building standards have been developed for the construction and building industry to ensure safety, cost-effectiveness, efficiency in the building construction throughout the country. A standard refers to a document that includes all the guidelines, rules, and other detailed technical provisions that are essential while undertaking any activities within the building and the construction industry. Some of the building and construction standards are provided in the regulations stipulated under the Building Code of Australia, which implies that those standards must be maintained or followed while undertaking any activities in the specified way (Daly, Cooper and Ma 2014). For instance, test methods and product standards in relation to the doors, roofing and windows; product standards and installation of smoke detectors; design standards that is necessary to ensure accessibility of the disabled; external and internal waterproofing of the residences. NCC- A Performance based Code The performance based National Construction Code (NCC) includes compliance solutions, which enables a plumbing, drainage and building installations to comply with the compliance level. The performance requirements lay down the minimum level of performance for all the drainage, plumbing and building installations. It further includes components, relevant materials, construction methods and design methods (Roetzel, Tsangrassoulis and Dietrich 2014). The requirements mentioned as the performance requirements calls for mandatory compliance. There are three options for compliance set out under the Performance based Code which are as follows: Performance based solution: It requires using of approved tools such as calculators, rating tools, etc, as per the intent of the BCA. This solution refers to any solution that fulfills the Performance requirements except the deemed-to-satisfy solutions. A performance solution may either differ wholly or partly from the deemed-to-satisfy provisions. Deemed to satisfy solution: it is the use of any deemed-to-satisfy solutions or any referenced documents that is stipulated in the NCC. These provisions comprise the instances of products, designs factors, components, and installation and construction methods (Kibert 2016). If these requirements are followed and the building related works have been carried out in compliance with such requirements, it shall be deemed to be in compliance with the performance requirements of the NCC. Verification method: the experts who are recognized consider that the approach satisfies the intent of the BCA but owing to its innovative nature, it cannot adequately be evaluated under the remaining methods. The theory of performance-based design permits a designer to develop a single design solution that meets the requirements of individual building codes in any location, thus, satisfying the approved authorities. The underlying principle for introducing the performance-based codes is to enjoy all the benefits that the code prescribes for instance, the certainty of the techniques and the building materials along with flexibility by using the established performance requirements (Berardi 2017). The performance based code system requires that the society acts in agreement with the methods to assess the performance and the objectives for the built environment. Rating tools to evaluate the compliance to NCC Rating tools are used to comply with the provisions stipulated under the BCA with a view to ensure the clients with best possible outcomes. Sometimes, these rating tools developed for voluntary purposes are often used in contracts. For instance, the local and state governments require to give Green star ratings in respect of certain buildings. The implementation of performance based building aims at enhancing the consumer-orientation within then construction and building industry as while carrying out the building works it is the user requirements explained in the performancebased codes shall form the basis for all communication (Iyer-Raniga, Moore and Wasiluk 2014). The implementation of the performance-based code design environment enhances the in innovation in building designs and the associated products. In Australia, the BCA based on the performance-based code was drafted using several international models including the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Sweden and the Netherlands. In case of Residential buildings, the NCC applies to new buildings and any additions or alterations, the building size threshold shall be determined by the individual jurisdictions. The BCA Volume 2 stipulates requirements for constructing and designing domestic buildings that is, the Class 1 and 10 buildings and in addition, class 10 structures. In case of buildings that already exist, the building size threshold shall be determined by the individual jurisdictions and shall use the deemed to-satisfy solutions hall in case of both alterations and additions. In case of new commercial buildings, BCA volume 1 shall stipulate requirements for design and construction of commercial buildings that is, class 2-9 buildings including class 10 structures. In case of existing commercial buildings, major renovation is required and although several states have included the requirements for existing buildings but such requirements varies based on jurisdictions (Watson, Gad and Pham 2016). Since the NCC contains the certain requirements which when adopted by various territories and states of Australia, it is mandatory to comply with such requirements. The requirements are both enforceable locally or regionally with respect to construction and design with the assistance from the third parties. The NCC covers the following areas with respect to the construction and building industry: HVAC Envelope Maintenance Thermal Comfort Lighting Option for performance-based solution Service water heating Tools used for assessing compliance In Australia, the building certifier is authorized to settle the type of calculation method that is acceptable and there are other simulation tools are available that enables compliance path for the entire building. The star rating that is used for regulating the thermal performance of homes can be measured by using the certain computer software packages such as FirstRate, BASIX, AccuRate, etc. In case of ensuring the compliance with respect to the Commercial building, the National Australian Built Environment Rating System (NABERS) strictly performs similar function as that of the mentioned systems. The star rating is provided based on the actual performance of the building after it is certified. The governments or the licensed operators maintain all these compliance-checking tools. In order to implement the compliance tools for checking compliance level with respect to the residential buildings, the software compliance tools must be in accordance with the standards stipulated by the Nationwide Home Energy Rating Scheme (NatHERS) Software Accreditation Protocol (Pianella et al. 2016). In respect of the commercial buildings, the software tools must comply with the requirements accredited by the ABCB. Change in the environment of the Building Codes of Australia The BCA stipulates the national standards to ensure safety, amenity and sustainability while carry out the building works in the current and future communities. It stipulates the technical requirements with respect to the construction and design of the building and other structures (Ching and Winkel 2016). The matters covered by the BCA include fire resistance, structural soundness, energy efficiency, access related services and other provisions related to health and safety. The majority of the amendments included in the BCA 2012 include the following factors: changes in facilities relating to the early childhood education and care in alignment with the BCA; exemptions from certain BCA requirements in respect of the class 8 elcetrical network substations; requirement for handrails in relation to private stairs; structural software provisions; changes required with respect to wet areas in the buildings; update of referenced documents; other minor technical changes; Essential amendments made in relation to national BCA provisions for both the volumes: The provision related to the use of software in computer for designing the structural framing systems of the building must comply with the ABCB Protocol for Structural Software; With respect to slips, trips and falls changes the new requirements made in the BCA provisions, handrails must be present to private ramps and stairs which would prevent falls; In the wet areas of the buildings, provisions must be incorporated that would decide which areas of the building should be waterproof or water resistant; Minor changes have been introduced for the purpose of expansion, refinement, clarification and alignment; The changes made in the Volume one of the BCA provisions in 2012: new verification method has been incorporated to verify whether an emergency lighting system satisfies the safe illumination level that is stipulated under the Performance Requirement; Class 8 electrical network substations have been exempted from the BCA requirements for a range of installations and facilities based on the control systems applied to the construction and design of the building through the state-based and national network provider legislation (Porter 2015). Amendments include the requirements for a atmospheric contaminant monitoring system to be installed in a carpark. In addition to the changes made in the both the volumes of the BCA provisions, a change has been made in the in Volume two with respect to the changes in the Australian Governments Renewable Energy Target Scheme (Ching 2014). This change would result in the replacement of the term Renewable Energy Certificate with Small-scale Technology Certificate. There are certain amendments made in both the volumes of BCA provision in NSW hich are as follows: The Swimming Pools Regulations, the Swimming Pools Act, the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act, the Rural Fires Act and the Environmental Planning and Assessment Regulation have been incorporated in the referenced documents of the NSW Tables owing to the variations in the NSW references (Evans, Roshchanka and Graham 2017). There have been changes made in respect of the Fire hazard properties by introducing provisions that would enable the identification of any materials that should treated as retardants; The changes made with respect to the special fire protection where the definition has been updated to demonstrate the changes made in the referenced NSW State Environmental Planning policies; There have been amendments with respect to various other clauses with a view to maintain consistency. Essential amendments made in the Building Code of Australia 2015 Most of the changes made to the BCA in 2015 have been made relating to the following elements: the introduction of verification methods with respect to weatherproofing and structural reliability; expanding the sprinkler facilities for all new aged care facilities; necessary changes made with respect to barrier provisions to improve useability; New references and editions have been adopted in volumes One and two volumes which have included Windows in buildings-selection and installation. There has been inclusion of Termite Management- New Building work and Smoke Alarms as well. Construction of Barriers have been introduced to prevent falls; The incorporation of Residential and Low-rise Steel Framing has been introduced as an additional deemed-to-satisfy compliance for low-rise steel framing. Other minor technical changes have been made which includes incorporation of openable windows, open spectator stands, necessary access to maintain all parts of the building (Ronchi and Nilsson 2014); The present policy formulated by the Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB) aims at the following objectives: Obtaining compliance with the present performance requirements which is more important than raising the firmness of the energy efficiency provisions; To assess or review the rating software for its implementation in tropical northern climates of the country as the modeling in those areas result in sub-optimal consequences. To incorporate qualified measures into the performance requirements with a view o increase the certainty and clarity regarding what is required to do to act in compliance with the Building codes of Australia (Grondzik and Kwok 2014). Reasons behind the changes in the Building code of Australia The main reason for the constant changes made in the building codes of the Australia is based on the developmental in the factors such as environment, technology, culture, economic relationships that competes for recognition. With the advancement in the technology and the living standards of the Australian people, it has become necessary to enhance safety, amenity, health and sustainability of the society and the individuals residing within the society. The building codes of Australia or the building regulations has been set up to outline the minimum level of safety with respect to the constructed objects that were designed to safeguard public health, safety and welfare of the community in relation to the occupancy and construction of the building and structures (Coyle et al. 2016). The National Construction Code has been brought to regulation by adopting Territory, state and commonwealth legislations. It is subject to annual revision and the modified version comes into effect every year in May. With the establishment of the building codes since 1964 till the present code, there have been changes which led to the inclusion of new requirements for energy sufficiency. It further includes new provisions related to the incorporation of the requirements for health, safety and amenity. The processes and policy used by the Australian Building Code to make changes in the building codes or to facilitate any development in the building laws of the country (Clarke and Hensen 2015). International Building Code The International Building Code (IBC) is a model code that has been developed by the International Code Council (ICC). The IBC aims at addressing the concerns related to health and safety for buildings on the basis of performance a prescriptive related requirements. The statutory provisions stipulated under the Code aims at safeguarding the safety and health of the public on one hand, and on the other hand, it aims at averting both the preferential treatment and costs that is incurred on the methods of construction or the specified material required for the construction. The International Building Code is primarily concerned with fire prevention with respect to the construction and design of a occupied and completed building. It further requires the design of the building to incorporate proper accessibility of the structural and disabled stability. The IBC often refer to other codes such as the Plumbing Code, International Mechanical Code, the National Fire Protection Association and the National Electric Code. Hence, in case any municipal laws adopt the provisions of the IBC, it adopts the other parts that are referred to by the IBC as well. For instance, most often counties that adopts such IBC provisions tend to mechanical, plumbing and electric codes along with the adoption of the statutory provisions of the IBC (Kabak et al. 2014). The essential provisions stipulated in the IBC codes with respect to the design and construction of the building includes means of egress, existing structures, and accessibility. Means of egress this phrase refers to the capability to exit the structure in the event, any form of emergency takes place such as fire. The means of egress is divided into three parts, namely, the exit itself, the path of travel to an exit and the path that leads to the safe exit outside the building structure. There are requirements related to possible hazards like industries that deals with toxic and flammable chemicals. Accessibility- it refers to the accommodation of people who are physically challenged. It includes effective planning relating to the building entry, parking spaces, elevators, transportation and restrooms. Existing structures- the requirements specified in the building code becomes applicable to the construction of new buildings. It also includes any additions or alterations; changes in the use of the buildings; demolition of buildings or parts of the building which ceases to have any economic use. In case of any alterations and additional construction to any building shall be done in compliance with the provisions stipulated under section 101.2 of the IBC. The existing buildings are not exempted from the application of the provisions stipulated under the IBC. This ensures that any new addition or alterations made in the existing building has been done in compliance with the requirements mentioned under the code and that such alterations or additions made have complied with the safety levels stipulated by the law. Inadequacy and challenges arising from the National Construction Codes As discussed earlier, the changes made in the building codes attribute to the factors like environmental, technologies, cultural and economic relationship that competes for recognition. According to the Australia Building Codes Board (ABCB), a policy of consultation was developed as it was considered essential to introduce a relevant and contemporary construction code, which would aim at delivering better and improved societal results in terms of health, safety, sustainability and amenity within the built environment (Chauvin, Pauls and Strobl 2016). According to the ABCB, the development of the consultation policy leads to the modification and review of the initial recommendations related to the construction and design of the structure, thus, ensuring to produce better and improved results. However, this policy had been subject to several criticism in that consultation from parties who represents broad interests is often outnumbered owing to the inappropriate influence from the interests group, under such circumstances, the consultation policy may create better outcomes but at the same time, it can give rise to partiality or biasness. As per the National Construction Code, it engages in consultation with the industry stakeholders and the government with a view to draw input from such authorities. It further seeks assistance and advice from the building professionals, local governments, research communities, special interest groups and the community. Analysis of the International Building Code against recently adopted Building Codes of Australia ensuring consistence of the Australian codes with that of the International building codes In the global context, it is imperative for every country to work together with a view to share the advanced technology and the best practices. International development bodies such as the International building code, which includes, Plumbing Code, International Mechanical Code, the National Fire Protection Association and the National Electric Code have been established to bring together people from across the world for the purpose of setting out certain essential building standards with respect to building and construction (Chauvin, Pauls and Strobl 2016). As discussed earlier that the essential provisions that are stipulated under the IBC include fire prevention, accessibility and electric prevention, means of egress and making facilities for the people who are physically challenged. In the Building Code of Australia volume 1, the Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB) have incorporated provisions related to fire resistance that aims at safeguarding people from sustaining any injury due to fire in the building. The fire resistance provisions stipulate that the construction of the building must maintain structural stability to enable the occupant to evacuate safely in the event of fire emergency an allow fire brigade intervention. The performance requirements in the context of fire resistance include elements that maintain structural stability that is appropriate during a fire emergency such as the fire hazard, fire load, and height of the building, evacuation time and fire brigade intervention. In case the building solution is to act in compliance with the Deemed-to-satisfy provisions, the performance requirements that should be satisfied must include C1.1to C1.12 and C3.1 to C3.17 of the performance requirements. In regards to the accessibility and egress, the provisions stipulated under DF1 of the BCA VOL 1, the provision endows the occupant with equitable, safe and dignified access to a building or have access to use the facilities and services within a building. The building must be safe so far, it is reasonable to keep it safe and provide the occupants sufficient time to evacuate safely in case of any emergency (Clarke and Hensen 2015). The performance requirements provided with respect to the access and egress shall include provisions stipulating that people should have access to the building from the road boundary and have easy access to any public or work spaces; it requires enabling people to use the accommodation and facilities for the purpose of the personal hygiene. The provision enables the people to move safely within the building and the walking surface must have safe gradients. The doors were installed to avert the risk of the egress being impeded or the risk of being trapped in the building (Grondzik and Kwok 2014). The changes made in the BCA in 2012 and 2015 incorporated provisions to provide handrails to prevent falls, thus, assisting people with stability while using the stairways and ramps. A barrier was provided to prevent people from falling of the roofs or through any open windows. Further, exits must be provided within building that would allow the occupants to evacuate safely, in case of emergency. The height of the building and the storey of the building should be taken into consideration while evacuating the occupants in case of fire emergency in the building. The changes made in the BCA with respect to damp and weatherproofing stipulates that the occupants must be safeguarded from injury or illness or any damage caused by the surface water or by any external moisture entering into a building. The performance requirements for safeguarding the people from such damages include the prevention of water penetration through external walls, which must be complied with while constructing the building. Conclusion The objectives of the BCA are to maintain acceptable standards to achieve safety, structural sufficiency, amenity and health of the occupants within the building for the benefit of the community at present and in the future. The objectives and goals of the BCA extends to the extent so long such goals purports to serve public interest and is cost-effective. The objectives must be easily comprehended and must be convenient in its application, thus, the provisions act in compliance with the statutory provisions stipulated under the International Building Codes. References Board, A.B.C., 2015.National Construction Code. ABCB. Dimyadi, J. and Amor, R., 2013. Automated Building Code Compliance CheckingWhere is it at.Proceedings of CIB WBC, pp.172-185. Daly, D., Cooper, P. and Ma, Z., 2014. Understanding the risks and uncertainties introduced by common assumptions in energy simulations for Australian commercial buildings.Energy and Buildings,75, pp.382-393. Roetzel, A., Tsangrassoulis, A. and Dietrich, U., 2014. Impact of building design and occupancy on office comfort and energy performance in different climates.Building and environment,71, pp.165-175. Kibert, C.J., 2016.Sustainable construction: green building design and delivery. John Wiley Sons. Berardi, U., 2017. A cross-country comparison of the building energy consumptions and their trends.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,123, pp.230-241. Board, A.B.C., 2013. National Construction Code Series Volume 1, Building Code of Australia 2013, Class 2 to 9 Buildings.Canberra: Australian Building Codes Board,163. Iyer-Raniga, U., Moore, T. and Wasiluk, K., 2014. Residential building sustainability rating tools in Australia.Environment Design Guide, (80), p.1. Watson, K., Gad, E. and Pham, L., 2016. Reliability assessment of tests for determining structural performance. InAustralasian Structural Engineering Conference: ASEC 2016(p. 250). Engineers Australia. Pianella, A., Bush, J., Chen, Z., Williams, N.S. and Aye, L., 2016, December. Green roofs in Australia: review of thermal performance and associated policy development. InArchitectural Science Association Conference 2016. Ching, F.D. and Winkel, S.R., 2016.Building Codes Illustrated: A Guide to Understanding the 2015 International Building Code. John Wiley Sons. Porter, K.A., 2015. Safe enough? A building code to protect our cities as well as our lives.Earthquake Spectra. Ching, F.D., 2014.Building construction illustrated. John Wiley Sons. Evans, M., Roshchanka, V. and Graham, P., 2017. An international survey of building energy codes and their implementation.Journal of Cleaner Production,158, pp.382-389. Ronchi, E. and Nilsson, D., 2014, February. Modelling total evacuation strategies for high-rise buildings. InBuilding Simulation(Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 73-87). Springer. Grondzik, W.T. and Kwok, A.G., 2014.Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings. John Wiley Sons. Coyle III, E.C., Isett, K.R., Rondone, J., Harris, R., Howell, M.C.B., Brandus, K., Hughes, G., Kerfoot, R. and Hicks, D., 2016. Making homes healthy: International Code Council processes and patterns.Journal of Public Health Management and Practice,22(4), pp.338-347. Clarke, J.A. and Hensen, J.L.M., 2015. Integrated building performance simulation: Progress, prospects and requirements.Building and Environment,91, pp.294-306. Kabak, M., Kse, E., K?r?lmaz, O. and Burmao?lu, S., 2014. A fuzzy multi-criteria decision making approach to assess building energy performance.Energy and Buildings,72, pp.382-389. Chauvin, J., Pauls, J. and Strobl, L., 2016. Building codes: An often overlooked determinant of health.Journal of public health policy,37(2), pp.136-148.

Yoel Yoel free essay sample

Yoel Yoel English comp 1March 05/02/2018Essay #3 persuasive Why Go to Community College?In a recent college survey student were asked if a community college is the best way to start; 80% said its the best way to start school. time magazine. While people prefer beginning at four-year university, I believe community colleges are the best way to start. First attending a community college before a university is less expensive. In a time, magazine article, researchers found that a student in a four-year university spends average 5-8 thousand dollars for a semester while a student in a community college spends average 2-3 thousand a semester. That is four to five thousand dollars cheaper than a university. They could possibly live at home for cheap and can continue to work at a high school job and save up to transfer. Its less competition to get a scholarship for academics or sports. Typically, community colleges are smaller, so students can benefit classes that are not far from each other, so it doesnt take long to get from one class to another even if they are on separate sides of the campus. We will write a custom essay sample on Yoel Yoel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In a smaller class, professors have the opportunity to learn more about their students. Students in turn find their teachers more accessible and can get assistance when they need it. Community colleges offer a wide variety of support services to assist students in improving their skills in reading, writing, and mathematics.Miscellaneous Community colleges also give you more opportunities to become involved in extracurricular activities and you can act as bridge between home and high school and complete independence. Transferability is not a problem, you will get help with basic courses that may not be in your field of expertise. As a result, I think it is a wise choice to think to go college before a university. People who go to a university have a lot trouble finding a job which can prevent them to pay their student loans after they graduate. Community colleges offer a chance for students to start their lives when they prefer. It is a beginning of a dream for some people who will later seek attending a university to master their knowledge. Once students spend two years at a community college, they are prepared to move to the next step, transferring from a community college to a University is a benefit for many students.

Indian Beer Market free essay sample

We chose to study this industry to learn about how these unconventional marketing concepts are employed in the industry*. OBJECTIVE This project aims to study the Marketing Strategies adopted in the Indian Beer Industry and suggest improvements. During the course of our project we aim to, ?Study the macro environment ?Analyze the various marketing concepts being applied in the present scenario in the Indian Beer Industry ?Gain marketing insights by examining marketing strategies and plans already in place Marketing research Field survey involving consumers and business houses, secondary data from newspapers, magazines, beer industry, online resources etc. ?Means of Promotion: Managing Mass Communication ?Predict trends for consumer preferences in future ?Suggesting improvements: Segmenting, Targeting , Positioning ; Competitor analysis In this report we present an analysis of the data collected and the industry and competitor analysis. *Ref : www. euromonitor. com

A Slice of American Pie essays

A Slice of American Pie essays In its wake, it has mystified, thrilled, consumed, enlightened, and even prognosticated the future. American Pie, known to most as a song sung by Don McLean, is at heart something of an epic poem, which has been analyzed by millions for 30 years. It has been suggested by some that the song is an explanation of McLeans departure from Rock and Roll or as a warning from God to America. It has been translated into several parodies. The New Standard Encyclopedia defines an art epic poem as ... built up about some great theme or thought that is universal, or at least of national, importance. (E-190) Buddy Holly died on February 3,1959 in a plane crash, and, for a moment, the United States grieved. McLean once suggested that the song is biographical in nature and that it was a look at the death of Buddy Holly through his (McLeans) memories. However McLean had this to say about his song in his Starry Starry Night video in 2000, Ive never analyzed the lyrics to the song. Theyre beyond analysis. Theyre poetry. The language of the song is riddled with symbolism, imagery, and figures of speech. For over 30 years people have been analyzing, questioning, and seeking meaning in the song that McLean calls poetry and has not sought to analyze himself. One analyst, by the name of Saul Levitt, suggests, The song is McLeans justification for giving up rock and roll and turning to folk music. He had been touring for about a year with Pete Seeger...its evident that the song is about McLean giving up rock and roll since the death of such great stars... Another analyst, by the name of Roy Taylor, has a very different interpretation of McLeans song. Mr. Taylor suggests, American Pie, is a detailed prophecy, concerning Americas future, and a funeral hymn, written in a dirge foretelling America&apos...

The Lost German Slave Girl by John Bailey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Lost German Slave Girl by John Bailey - Essay Example German families in the New Orleans area claimed that Sally was in fact the child of immigrants who had died and that the girl was subsequently indentured by an unscrupulous owner and later sold into slavery. The main question raised by the piece is whether Sally really was a German girl or whether she was just a clever slave who was grabbing at her once chance for freedom. The fact that the color of a person's skin was the basis of whether they could be enslaved or not shows the racism that was at the heart of this culture. It is fascinating that the case revolved around the fact of whether Sally was German, and thus not deserving of slavery rather than the fact that slavery was morally objectionable per se. The idea that color and slavery were indelibly linked was starting to be threatened by the inter-breeding that had been occurring between slaves and whites for generations. By this time, just a decade before the American Civil War would end slavery, many slaves looked as white as their masters. Thus the very basis of slavery - the supposed inferiority of black races - was called into question by the continuum of color that then existed in America. The lack of certainty as to race was reflected within the legal system, in which slaves were regarded as property and yet, paradoxically, could also have legal representation within trials. Thus if a slave was accused of murder he/she had the right to legal representation, although as the author shows, the degree to which this right was enforced depended very much upon individual circumstances and the judge who was available. Bailey essentially shows a society that is ripe for change. The mysterious origin of Sally Miller reflected the complexity of race that was characteristic of America by the mid nineteenth-century. The simple duality of "slave" and "master" was increasingly being challenged on an ethical and legal basis. Slaves could buy their freedom and many tried to make their way to Northern states where slavery was already abolished. The idea that the identity of a person was set as "slave" or "non-slave" is shown to be too simplistic by the case of Sally Miller. If Miller was indeed of German origin, then a person could move from non-slave to slave because of bad luck and unethical businessmen. If a slave was lucky, earned enough money or had an enlightened master, he could become a non-slave. To conclude, the fact that the case was never resolved in a concrete manner shows the history is often not as certain as many people would like. The actual origin of Sally Miller will probably never be known now, any more than it was proved in the court case. What emerges is the terrible manner in which immigrants were treated in America at this time, even those from supposedly privileged countries such as Germany. The book also shows the complex legal environment of America at the time, and gives a view of the legal position of slaves that has seldom been considered before. Ultimately the book shows the mystery of human nature and identity, especially racial identity. If a slave is more white than her master, what is the basis for the slavery if it is based upon the supposed superiority of whites over blacks The answer was that slavery was based upon cruelty and exploitation rather than any rationally identified differences between races.

Choose an invention.describe and evaluate the effects it has had on a Essay

Choose an invention.describe and evaluate the effects it has had on a particular area of human life - Essay Example Computers have indeed done much to better the way people happen to do things. In that respect, it is really heartening to acknowledge that healthcare is an aspect of human life that has been totally revolutionized by the advent of computers, and computers have actually totally transformed the modern healthcare.1 It is a fact that in the area of healthcare, health records of patients do play a very important role. In that context, computers have totally redefined the record keeping in the field of healthcare.2 Health records of patients are not only vital for management of maladies of individual patients, but they are also important to predict larger societal healthcare trends. Before the invention of computers the record keeping in healthcare happened to be manual. It was not only very tedious to register and maintain the records of thousands of patients, but it was also utterly difficult to retrieve the health records of individual patients when required. However, with the invention of computers, things have totally changed. Computers have digitalized the recording and filing of patient records, thereby making it much more efficient, practical and faster. Computer generated and stored patient records not only happen to be more lasting and reliable, but it is much easier to retrieve the rec ords of specific patients. In fact with the computer assisted record keeping, it takes only a second to retrieve the health records of any patient. The computer assisted record keeping also assures that in the event of any man made or natural calamity, the health records of patients remain safe and secure at the offsite data storage locations. The other way in which the computers have positively influenced healthcare is by empowering the patients and by extending the reach of healthcare. In the earlier times even the most basic healthcare information was not easily available. However, with the advent of computers in the area of healthcare, computers have become a readily

Ethical and Legal Issues in Health Care Practice and Policy Essay

Ethical and Legal Issues in Health Care Practice and Policy - Essay Example question of abortion, perhaps one of the most controversial topics in the field, has always been a subject of discussion, given its complex legal and ethical implications, pitting health care professionals against each other and against members of the public. Whereas it may be legal for health care practitioners to perform an abortion today, other health care professionals and members of the public still consider it unethical to do so, thereby creating an ethical dilemma in the field (Wallace, Wiegand & Warren 1997, p.586). Apart from that, other ethical dilemmas emerge at the end of life point, when health care professionals have to make the critical decision of switching off the life-support machines to permit death to occur. As if that is not enough, the issues of confidentiality, patient/practitioner relationship as well as matters to do with consent as in the treatment of underage patients often present numerous ethical dilemmas to health care professionals (Greenwood, 2014). Th is paper explores the ethical and legal issues that are relevant to health care practice and policy while incorporating critical application of selected theoretical perspectives applicable to ethics in health. Relevant ethical arguments and legal perspectives will be applied to a specific practice situation in reference to the adult learning theory of Knowles (1990). Eventually, this paper will explore the issue related to ethical and legal issues in health care incorporating professional body guidance (NMC code) and legal acts, as well as the views of theorists and philosophers. The term â€Å"ethics† has been conceptualized as â€Å"social values†, â€Å"morals† or â€Å"principles† that enable people in distinguishing between the acceptable and unacceptable social behaviour (Corning 2002, p.6); ethical values form the basis for social interaction because they are deeply entrenched in people. Health care professionals need to know ethical standards or principles and the professional

Test case prioritization and regression test selection

Test case prioritization and regression test selection 1. introduction The significance of software testing process and its affects on software quality cannot be taken too lightly. Software testing is a fundamental component of software quality assurance and represents a review of specification, design and coding. The greater visibility of software systems and the cost associated with software failure are motivating factors for planning, through testing. A number of rules that act as testing objectives are: * Testing is a process of executing a program with the aim of finding errors. * A good test case will have a good chance of finding an undiscovered error. * A successful test case uncovers a new error. Software maintenance is an activity, which includes enhancements, error corrections, optimization and deletion of obsolete capabilities. These modifications in the software may cause the software to work incorrectly and may affect the other parts of the software, as developers maintain a software system, they periodically regression test it, hoping to find errors caused by their changes. To do this, developers often create an initial test suite, and then reuse it for regression testing. Regression testing is an expensive maintenance process directed at validating modified software. Regression Test Selection techniques attempt to reduce the cost of regression testing by selecting tests from a programs existing test suite. The simplest regression testing method, retest all, it is one of the conventional methods for regression testing in which all the tests in the existing test suite are re-run. This method, however, is very expensive and may require an unacceptable amount of time to execute all tests in test suite. An alternative method, regression test selection, reruns only a subset of the initial test suite. In this technique instead of rerunning the whole test suite, we select a part of test suite to rerun if the cost of selecting a part of test suite is less than the cost of running the tests that regression test selection allows us to exclude. Of course, this approach is unsatisfactory as well test selection techniques can have significant costs, and can abandon tests that could disclose faults, possibly reducing fault detection effectiveness. [1] To reduce the time and cost during on testing process, another approach, Test Cases Prioritization in a testing procedure can be favorable for engineers and customers. In Test Case Prioritization techniques, test cases are executed in such a way, that maximum objective function like rate of fault detection can be achieved. In section 2 of this paper, we have described different types of Regression Test Selection techniques and we discussed various categories of these types point out by various authors then moving into the details of selective and prioritizing test cases for regression testing. In this section, we also describe several techniques for prioritizing test cases and we evaluate their ability to improve rate of fault detection, according to various authors. In the next section, we in particular describe the Regression Test Selection techniques and Test Case Prioritization problems. Subsequent sections present our analysis and conclusions 2. Regression testing During a software development life cycle, regression testing may start in development phase of system after the detection and correction of errors in a program. Many modifications may occur during the maintenance phase where the software system is corrected, updated and fine-tuned. There are three types of modifications, each arising from different types of maintenance. According to [2], corrective maintenance, commonly called fixes, involves correcting software failures, performance failures, and implementation failures in order to keep the system working properly. Adapting the system in response to changing data requirements or processing environments constitutes adaptive maintenance. Finally, perfective maintenance covers any enhancements to improve the system processing efficiency or maintainability. Based on of modification of specification authors identify two type of regression testing, Progressive regression testing involves a modified specification. In corrective regression testing, the specification does not change. Corrective regression testing Progressive regression testing * Specification is not changed * Involves minor modification to code (e.g., adding and deleting statements) * Usually done during development and corrective maintenance * Many test cases can be reused * Invoked at irregular intervals * Specification is changed * Involves major modification (e.g., adding and deleting modules) * Usually done during adaptive and perfective maintenance * Fewer test cases can be reused * Invoked at regular intervals Table 1: Differences between Corrective and Progressive Regression Testing According to [2], table 1 lists the major differences between corrective and progressive regression testing. Regression testing is defined [3] as the process of retesting the modified parts of the software and ensuring that no new errors have been introduced into previously tested code. There are various regression testing techniques as given by various researchers are: (I) Retest all, (II) Regression Test Selection and (III) Test Case Prioritization. Retest-All Technique reuses all tests existing in test suite. It is very expensive as compared to other techniques. In this report our main focus on Regression Test Selection and Test Case Prioritization. Let P be a procedure or program, let P be a modified version of P, and let T be a test suite for P. A typical regression test proceeds as follows: 1. Select T C T, a set of tests to execute on P. 2. Test P with T, establishing Ps correctness with respect to T. 3. If necessary, create T, a set of new functional or structural tests for P. 4. Test P with T, establishing Ps correctness with respect to T. 5. Create T, a new test suite and test history for P, from T, T, and T. Although each of these steps involves important problems, in this report we restrict our attention to step 1 which involves the Regression Test Selection problem. 2.1. REGRESSION TEST SELECTION Regression Test Selection technique is less expensive as compare to retest all technique. Regression Test Selection techniques reduce the cost of regression testing by selecting a subset of an existing test suite to use in retesting a modified program. A variety of regression test selection techniques have been describing in the research literature. Authors [1] describe several families of techniques; we consider five most common approaches often used in practice. 1) Minimization Techniques: These techniques attempt to select minimal sets of tests from T that yield coverage of modified or affected portions of P. One such technique requires that every program statement added to or modified for P be executed (if possible) by at least one test in T. 2) Safe Techniques: These techniques select, under certain conditions, every test in T that can expose one or more faults in P. One such technique selects every test in T that, when executed on P, exercised at least one statement that has been deleted from P, or at least one statement that is new in or modified for P. 3) Dataflow-Coverage-Based Techniques: These techniques select tests that exercise data interactions that have been affected by modifications. One such technique selects every test in T that, when executed on P, exercised at least one definition use pair that has been deleted from P, or at least one definition-use pair that has been modified for P. 4) Ad Hoc / Random Techniques: When time constraints prohibit the use of a retest-all approach, but no test selection tool is available, developers often select tests based on hunches, or loose associations of tests with functionality. One simple technique randomly selects a predetermined number of tests from T. 5) Retest-All Technique: This technique reuses all existing tests. To test P, the technique selects all tests in T. According to [3], Test Selection techniques are broadly classified into three categories. 1) Coverage techniques: These consider the test coverage criteria. These find coverable program parts that have been modified and select test cases that work on these parts. 2) Minimization techniques: These are similar to coverage techniques except that they select minimum set of test cases. 3) Safe techniques: These do not focus on criteria of coverage, in contrast they select all those test cases that produce different output with a modified program as compared to its original version. Regression test selection identifies the negative impact of modifications applied to software artifacts throughout their life cycle. In traditional approaches, code is modified directly, so code-based selective regression testing is used to identify negative impact of modifications. In model-centric approaches, modifications are first done to models, rather than to code. Consequently, the negative impact to software quality should be identified by means of selective model-based regression testing. To date, most automated model based testing approaches focus primarily on automating test generation, execution, and evaluation, while support for model-based regression test selection is limited [4]. Code-based regression test selection techniques assume specification immutability, while model-based techniques select abstract test cases based on models modifications. Thus, in model based Regression Test Selection techniques, the existing test suite can be classified into following three main types: 1) Reusable test cases: Reusable test cases are test cases from the original test suite that are not obsolete or re-testable. Hence, these test cases do not need to be re-executed. 2) Re-testable test cases: Test cases are re-testable if they are non-obsolete (model-based) test case and they traverse modified model elements. 3) Obsolete test cases: Test cases are obsolete if their input had been modified. Regression Test Selection techniques may create new test cases that test the program for areas which are not covered by the existing test cases. Model based Regression test suite selection that utilizes Unified Modeling Language (UML) based Use Case Activity Diagrams (UCAD). The activity diagrams are commonly employed as a graphical representation of the behavioral activities of a software system. It represents the functional behavior of a given use case. With behavior slicing we can built our activity diagram. This diagram gives us qualitative regression tests. Using behavior slicing each use case divided into a set of unit of behavior where each unit of behavior represents a user action.[5] An activity diagram has mostly six nodes: 1. Initial node 2. User Action node 3. System Processing node 4. System Output node 5. Condition node 6. Final node 2.3. TEST CASE PRIORITIZATION The main purpose of test case prioritization is to rank test cases execution order to detect fault as early as possible. There are two benefits brought by prioritization technique. First, it provides a way to find more bugs under resource constraint condition and thus improves the revealed earlier; engineers have more time to fix these bugs [6]. Zengkai Ma and Jianjun Zhao [6] propose a new prioritization index called testing-importance of module (TIM), which combines two prioritization factors: fault proneness and importance of module. The main advantages of this prioritization approach are twofold. First, the TIM value can be evaluated by analyzing program structure (e.g., call graph) alone and it also can be evaluated by incorporating program structure information and other available data (e.g., source code changes). Therefore, this approach can be applied to not only regression testing but also non-regression testing. Second, through analyzing program structure, we can build a mapping between fault severity and fault location. Those test cases covering important part of system will be assigned high priority and executed first. As a result, the severe faults are revealed earlier and the system becomes reliable at fast rate. The main contributions of authors [6] are: * They propose a new approach to evaluate the testing importance for modules in system by combining analysis of fault proneness and module importance. * They develop a test case prioritization technique, which can provide test cases priority result by handling multiple information (e.g., program structure information, source code changes) and can be applied to both new developed software testing and regression testing. * They implement Apros, a tool for test case prioritization based on the proposed technique, and perform an experimental study on their approach. The result suggests that Apros is a promising solution to improve the rate of severe faults detection. Authors consider a sample system, which consists of six modules: M1-M6 and there exist some call relationships between each module. A test suite includes six test cases T1-T6 that covers the M1-M6 respectively. Some modules are dependent on each other. They are finding fault proneness and fault severity by using TIM from this system. They conclude the prioritization result (T3, T6, T4, T2, T5, and T1) on the bases of analyzing structure of system. For calculating this result they had developed some formulas and equation. [6] They also did some experiment with two Java programs along JUnit test cases: xml-security and jtopas. They select three sequential versions of the two java programs and apply newly developed software testing and the regression testing. They perform some experiment for finding fault proneness and severe fault. They also introduce the importance of any module using weight fact. Authors [7] explore value-driven approach to prioritizing software system test with the objective of improving user-perceived software quality. Software testing is a strenuous and expensive process. Research has shown that at least 50% of the total software cost is comprised of testing activities.They conclude that, their approach of prioritization of test cases is work effectively with regression and non-regression testing by analyzing the program structure. They make a reach on prior TCP which have two goals: (1) to improve customer confidence on software quality in a cost effective way and (2) to improve the rate of detection of severe faults during system-level testing of new code and regression testing of existing code. They present a value-driven approach to system-level test case prioritization called the Prioritization of Requirements for Test (PORT). PORT based on following four factors. 1) Requirements volatility Is based on the number of times a requirement has been changed during the development cycle. 2) Customer priority Is a measure of the importance of a requirement to the customer? 3) Implementation complexity Is a subjective measure of how difficult the development team perceives the implementation of requirement to be. 4) Fault proneness Of requirements (FP) allows the development team to identify the requirements which have had customer-reported failures. They claim in research paper, Prioritization of Requirement Test (PORT) has great impact on finding severe fault at system level. They are emphasis on Customer priority in TCP for improve the fault detection. Today software industries are working on neutral manner. They set neutral value to all requirements use cases, test cases and defects. To improve the customer satisfactions in software engineering world they are presenting a value-driven approach for system level testing. In these days Regression Test Case Prioritization techniques use structural coverage criteria to select the test cases. They are leading their ideas from structure level to code level TCP for both new and Regression tests. This Paper has two main objectives: 1). Find severe faults earlier 2). Improve customer confidence on particular system. Researchers describe several techniques [8] for prioritizing test cases and they empirically evaluate their ability to improve rate of fault detectionà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬a measure of how quickly faults are detected within the testing process. An improved rate of fault detection during regression testing can provide earlier feedback on a system under regression test and let developers begin debugging and correcting faults earlier than might otherwise is possible. Their results indicate that test case prioritization can significantly improve the rate of fault detection of test suites. Furthermore, their results highlight tradeoffs between various prioritization techniques. Test case prioritization can address a wide variety of objectives. In practice, and depending upon the choice of objective, the test case prioritization problem may be intractable: objectives, an efficient solution to the problem would provide an efficient solution to the knapsack problem [8]. Authors consider nine different test case prioritization techniques. T1: No prioritization One prioritization technique that authors consider is simply the application of no technique; this lets us consider untreated test suites. T2: Random prioritization Random prioritization in which authors randomly order the tests in a test suite. T3: Optimal prioritization An optimal ordering of test cases in a test suite for maximizing that suites rate of fault detection. In practice, of course, this is not a practical technique, as it requires knowledge of which test cases will expose which faults. T4: Total branch coverage prioritization We can determine, for any test case, the number of decisions (branches) in that program that were exercised by that test case. We can prioritize these test cases according to the total number of branches they cover simply by sorting them in order of total branch coverage achieved. T5: Additional branch coverage prioritization Total branch coverage prioritization schedules test cases in the order of total coverage achieved. However, having executed a test case and covered certain branches, more may be gained in subsequent test cases by covering branches that have not yet been covered. Additional branch coverage prioritization iteratively selects a test case that yields the greatest branch coverage. T6: Total fault-exposing-potential prioritization Statement- and branch-coverage-based prioritization consider only whether a statement or branch has been exercised by a test case. This consideration may mask a fact about test cases and faults: the ability of a fault to be exposed by a test case depends not only on whether the test case reaches (executes) a faulty statement, but also, on the probability that a fault in that statement will cause a failure for that test case. Although any practical determination of this probability must be an approximation, we wished to determine whether the use of such an approximation could yield a prioritization technique superior in terms of rate of fault detection than techniques based on simple code coverage. T7:Additional fault-exposing-potential (FEP) prioritization Analogous to the extensions made to total branch (or statement) coverage prioritization to additional branch (or statement) coverage prioritization, we extend total FEP prioritization to create additional fault-exposing-potential (FEP) prioritization. This lets us account for the fact that additional executions of a statement may be less valuable than initial executions. In additional FEP prioritization, after selecting a test case t, we lower the award values for all other test cases that exercise statements exercised by t. T8: Total statement coverage prioritization Total statement coverage prioritization is the same as total branch coverage prioritization, except that test coverage is measured in terms of program statements rather than decisions. T9: Additional statement coverage prioritization Additional statement coverage prioritization is the same as additional branch coverage prioritization, except that test coverage is measured in terms of program statements rather than decisions. With this technique too, we require a method for prioritizing the remaining test cases after complete coverage has been achieved, and in this work, we do this using total statement coverage prioritization. 2.3.1. Search Algorithms for Test Case Prioritization There are many search techniques for test case prioritization, which are being developed and unfolded by various researchers in the field. 1) Greedy algorithm: Works on the next best search philosophy. It [9] minimizes the estimated cost to reach a particular goal. Its advantage is that it is cheap in both execution time and implementation. The cost of this prioritization is O(mn) for program containing m statements and test suite containing n test cases. 2) Additional Greedy algorithm: This algorithm [9] uses the feedback from previous selections. It selects the maximum weight element from the part that is not already consumed by previously selected elements. Once the complete coverage is achieved, the remaining test cases are prioritized by reapplying the Additional Greedy algorithm. The cost of this prioritization is O(mn2) for program containing m statements and test suite containing n test cases. 3) Hill Climbing: It is one of the popular local search algorithms with two variations; steepest ascent and next best ascent. It is very easy and inexpensive to execute. However, this has cons of dividing O(n2) neighbors and is unlikely to scale. Steps of algorithm are explained in [9]. 4) Genetic Algorithms (GAs): Is a search technique [9] based on the Darwins theory of survival of the fit test? The population is a set of randomly generated individuals. Each individual is representing by variables/parameters called genes or chromosomes. The basic steps of Genetic Algorithm are (1) Encoding (2) Selection (3) Cross over (4) Mutation. 3. CONCLUSION In this paper we discussed about Regression test selection and Test Case Prioritization Selection. Regression testing is a style of testing that focuses on retesting after changes are made. In traditional regression testing, we reuse the same tests (the regression tests). In risk-oriented regression testing, we check the same module functionality as before, but we use different tests. Any test can be reused, and so any test can become a regression test. Regression testing naturally combines with all other test techniques. Therefore we use Test Case Prioritization technique inside Regression Testing. Test prioritization makes strengthen our regression testing for finding more severe fault in earlier stages. In this paper we discussed about different factor of prioritization. Customer priority has a great impact on PORT. Our view about both test case selection is, First version of test suite which developed by developer should have concrete test cases. Also at the same stage we should perform some prioritization. With earlier prioritization of test cases we can reduce our cost, time, effort and maximize customer satisfaction 4. References [1] Todd L. Graves, Mary Jean Harrold, Jung-Min Kim, Adam Porters, Gregg Rothermel, An Empirical Study of Regression Test Selection Techniques, Proceedings of the 1998 (20th) International Conference on Software Engineering, 19-25 April 1998 Page(s):188 197. [2] Leung, H.K.N., White, L., Insights into Regression Testing, Proceedings., Conference on Software Maintenance, 16-19 Oct. 1989 Page(s):60 69. [3] K.K.Aggarwal Yogesh Singh, Software Engineering Programs Documentation, Operating Procedures, New Age International Publishers, Revised Second Edition 2005. [4] Naslavsky L., Ziv H., Richardson D.J., A Model-Based Regression Test Selection Technique, ICSM 2009. IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance, 20-26 Sept. 2009 Page(s):515 518. [5] Gorthi R.P., Pasala A., Chanduka K.K.P., Leong, B., Specification-Based Approach to Select Regression Test Suite to Validate [6] Changed Software, APSEC 08. 15th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference, 3-5 Dec. 2008, Page(s):153 160 [7] Zengkai Ma, Jianjun Zhao, Test Case Prioritization based on Analysis of Program Structure, APSEC 08. 15th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference, 3-5 Dec. 2008, Page(s):471 478 [8] Srikanth H., Williams L., Osborne J., System Test Case Prioritization of New and Regression Test Cases, 2005 International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering, 17-18 Nov. 2005, Page(s):10 pp. [9] Rothermel G., Untch R.H., Chengyun Chu, Harrold M.J., Test Case Prioritization: An Empirical Study, (ICSM 99) Proceedings. IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance, 30 Aug.-3 Sept. 1999, Page(s):179 188 [10] Zheng Li, Mark Harman, and Robert M. Hierons, Search algorithms for regression test case prioritization, IEEE Trans. On Software Engineering, vol 33, no.4, April 2007.

Academic Performance of Nursing Students

Factors Affecting Academic PerformanceFactors Affecting AcademicperformanceCHAPTER IProblem and Its SettingIntroductionAcademic performance is measured by the standing of rates of grades of student in every subject. Having a high level of performance on the academic area of a student suggest its competency and high level of confidence on its certain field. Students have their own attitude towards learning and achieving a high level of academic performance. The development of their enthusiasm towards succeeding in their own field varies.In order for a student to succeed he needs to be armed with strategies and techniques that will supplement his desire to reach his goals. One way is to have an efficient and adaptive study habit. This phenomenon can be linked to multi factors that affect their study habit. Such factors can be found in their environment, these includes the type of house they live in; the people around them and the level of support they give; the student and his familyâ €™s daily routines; the availability of resources Is this Essay helpful?Join OPPapers to read more and access more than 350,000 just like it! get better grades for studying; and also his family’s economicstatus, etcetera. Calbayog City, geographically, is a large city and it is also the focal point of many municipalities in the islands of Samar. That is why apart from the majority of students with families living in the city, it is also common in schools to have students that live in boarding houses since these students live in places far enough from Calbayog City.Christ the King College, specifically the College of Nursing shares this commonality which brings the researchers to wondering whether there are comparisons and differences among BS Nursing students living in their homes and boarding houses in relation to their academic performance. Statement of the problemThis study aims at finding the factors affecting the level of academic performance among the BS nursing stu dent of Christ the king college. It specifically seeks to answer the following questions:1. what is the profile of the BSN students in†¦

Pros & Cons of Textbooks

The first popes of which were printed in 1454-1455. Only forty-eight original copies are known to existence, of which twenty-one are complete, Here Is a photo of a preserved Gutenberg Bible located at the New York library. Monsoons, 2011) In 2012, Steven Krebs author of The Printing Press states, â€Å"Printing facilitated the dissemination and preservation of knowledge In standardized form this was most Important In the advance of science, technology and scholarship. The printing press certainly initiated an â€Å"information revolution† on par with the Internet today. (Krebs, 2012) The ability to ass-produce and supply books led the world to formal schooling. Out of a demand for books that were specially designed for scholars, the textbook was created. The title of the first textbook used in American schools was â€Å"The New England Primer. † According to the Library of Congress. Books That Shaped America 1800 to 1850. â€Å"More than 6 million copies In 450 editio ns of the New England Primer were printed between 1681 and 1830. † (Rosemary Fry Polkas, 2014) Now two centuries later there is another Information revolution.The move to open-source material Is on Its way to the classroom. In addition, it will be accelerated by President Beam's push to invest in creating free online course as a part of his proposal to have digital textbooks in schools by the end of 2017. Textbooks have not gone the way of tablets yet, but many educators say that it will not be long before they are replaced. Being students and having to purchase, carry, and use textbooks led to tonight's topic on the pros and cons of textbooks In the classroom. Textbooks are frequently controversial, are they up to date?Are they effective? Now its forms of presentation are subjects of debate. Five sections including the introduction, the pros for textbooks, the cons, followed with tonight's recommendation and lastly, a strong conclusion. At the end, you will learn the pros and cons of textbooks in the classroom and a detailed explanation of why our recommendation will make the most sense. Transition: The four pros in favor of the textbook in the classroom. L. The four pros of textbooks In the classroom. A. First, textbooks provide organized units of work.According to The Complete Idiots Guide to Success as a Teacher by Anthony Fredrick's, a textbook will give you all the Lana and lessons you need to cover a topic in some detail. (Frederick's, 2005) When you are a student or teacher In class, you can depend on your textbooks to have the right information needed to complete a lesson and pass a test. Teachers are able to focus on what or how their teaching because textbooks contains the tools that practices for students like linking the past and present, and recognizing cause and effect. B. Secondly, a textbook is very durable and dependable.Unlike tablets, if you drop your textbook there is no worry of it breaking. There are many varieties of textbooks. Wh en you read and learn from a textbook, you are more likely to remember that lesson later in life. According to Science Teaching Reconsidered: A Handbook, the study of text structure has focused on how a reader builds cognitive representations from the text. In addition, studies indicate that using principle-first or textbook structure is more effective for long-term retention and understanding by novice readers. We are used to using textbooks. (Committee on Undergraduate Science Education, 1997) C.Next, children are more focused and have a positive outcome with textbooks. According to an article based on literacy issued by riff. Org, states that in 11,000 reports, children's book lending and ownership programs were shown to have positive behavioral, educational, and psychological outcomes. Children whom have access to print materials or textbooks reading performances are improved. Why? When children are provided with the right material or books it helps, them read better. With great er access to books, children are able to convey their enjoyment of books or academics, resulting of improved attitudes towards reading and learning. Mm Lindsay, 2010) D. The final pro about a textbook is if taken care of properly, a textbook will last for a very long time. One of the oldest multi-page books in the world is the Etruscan Gold Book. According to Winning Lane Books, the Etruscan Gold Book was discovered 70 years ago while digging off the Stratum River in Bulgaria. Monsoons, 2011) The estimated age of this book would be 2,763 years old. Textbooks are reusable and are handed from classroom to classroom. Transition: Now that you have heard the pros of textbooks in the classroom here is some of the cons. II.The four cons of textbooks in the classroom. A. Having textbooks in the classroom can have its downsides, such as having a limited source of information, the weight it bares on a student's back and cost. According to The Complete Idiot's Guide to Success as a Teacher by Anthony Frederick's, having a designated textbook per class only provides one perspective on a concept or issue. It is a sole source of information. How good is a mechanic if he only has one tool? (Frederick's, 2005) B. Next, another problem textbooks present are the weight that it bares on a student's back.An article posted in Kids' Health on icepack safety last accessed in June 2014 the weight from books in a backpack can compress the vertebrae in a child's growing spine and can lead to poor posture and back pain. (Dowdies, 2013) I found this fact especially concerning as a student who carries books back and forth from class. At times, I find myself hunched over trying to even out the weight of my books in my bag. Now imagine an elementary school student with his or her math book on that small body. Concerning right? C. Another default of having textbooks in the classroom is the impact on the environment.In an article posted in the Washington Post in 2010 by Stephan Lawman, appear . 1. 45 million tons of paper was used to produce textbooks. (Lawman, 2010) That's must continue to be â€Å"Green† in our way of living. D. Lastly, cost is a large drawback of textbooks in the classroom. According to an article posted on Scholastic Publishes Literacy Resources and Children's Books for Kids of All Ages composed in November of 2008, an average elementary book can cost more than $100. 00. (Rap, 2008) A very popular topic of conversation in politics is educational budget and how there Just is to enough money for schools.How are we to afford books that cost over $100. 00 each? In Florida, the average class size is approximately 25 students. That is $2500 for just one classroom. The real question we must ask ourselves is can we really afford books in the classroom. Transition: Now, in detail our recommendation for keeping printed textbooks in the classrooms and why it is the best option. Ill. Recommendation A. All of those cons can easily be countered with a simpl e logical explanation. Outdated source information is an invalid argument for most courses because codebooks are recycled every seven-ten years.How much has a pre-1900 history class changed in the past 10 years? Not much, because it would be impossible to changed what happened. In addition, for most basic science class, focus on the scientific laws has not changed in a hundred years. For more advanced and current classes online sourcing may be an additional layer for resources but the textbook still offers a good basis of information on the subject. B. Textbooks are long lasting and durable. They can fall from your desk or slip out of your hands and when it hit the ground it goes not crash or have a black out moment.You pick them up and they are ready to continue from where you left off. C. Back pain is a large problem in today's society however a type of eye fatigue or eyestrain commonly caused by computers is known as computer vision syndrome. It affects about 50%-90% of computer workers. (Eye Fatigue: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment) If students start using computers instead of textbooks, this could affect them too. D. Cost is a complaint many people have about textbooks, but E-Books are usually only $10 less than textbook form. That is cause most of the cost is writing and publishing not paper.E. After reviewing all the pros and cons, we are recommending that it is in the best interest of the students and the learning process to continue using textbooks instead of adopting different technologies. Textbooks were made to be in the classroom and should stay in the classroom. Transition: Thank you for listing to our recommendation for keeping textbooks in the classroom, here now is the final wrap up. IV. Conclusion A. Remember, that nothing on this planet is perfect; there will always be pros and cons of everything that exists.With that said there are pros and cons of textbooks, as many of you know. The pros of texts books are that material is well organized i n particular sections, books are durable and you do not have to worry if you drop it, textbook will last forever. The cons of textbooks are that it limits us to one source of information, textbooks are heavy, and that it cost a lot of money having to buy new textbooks for every class. B. Based on our group's personal experiences and our pros and cons of textbooks, we feel comfortable in recommending that keeping textbooks in the classroom is best.

Major General Benjamin Lincoln - American Revolution

Major General Benjamin Lincoln - American Revolution Benjamin Lincoln - Early Life: Born at Hingham, MA on January 24, 1733, Benjamin Lincoln was the son of Colonel Benjamin Lincoln and Elizabeth Thaxter Lincoln. The sixth child and first son of the family, the younger Benjamin benefited from his fathers prominent role in the colony. Working on the familys farm, he attended school locally. In 1754, Lincoln entered public service when he assumed the post of Hingham town constable. A year later, he joined the 3rd Regiment of the Suffolk County militia. His fathers regiment, Lincoln served as adjutant during the French Indian War. Though he did not see action in the conflict, he attained the rank of major by 1763. Elected a town selectman in 1765, Lincoln became increasingly critical of British policy towards the colonies. Condemning the Boston Massacre in 1770, Lincoln also encouraged Hingham residents to boycott British goods. Two years later, he earned a promotion to lieutenant colonel in the regiment and won election to the Massachusetts legislature. In 1774, following the Boston Tea Party and passage of the Intolerable Acts, the situation in Massachusetts rapidly changed. That fall, Lieutenant General Thomas Gage, who had been appointed governor by London, dissolved the colonial legislature. Not to be deterred, Lincoln and his fellow legislators reformed the body as the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and continued meeting. In short order this body became the government for the entire colony except British-held Boston. Due to his militia experience, Lincoln oversaw committees on military organization and supply. Benjamin Lincoln - The American Revolution Begins: In April 1775, with the Battles of Lexington and Concord and the start of the American Revolution, Lincolns role with the congress expanded as he assumed a position on its executive committee as well as its committee of safety. As the Siege of Boston commenced, he worked to direct supplies and food to the American lines outside the city. With the siege continuing, Lincoln received a promotion in January 1776 to major general in the Massachusetts militia. Following the British evacuation of Boston in March, he focused his attention on improving the colonys coastal defenses and later directed attacks against the remaining enemy warships in the harbor. Having achieved a degree of success in Massachusetts, Lincoln began pressing the colonys delegates to the Continental Congress for a suitable commission in the Continental Army. As he waited, he received a request to bring a brigade of militia south to assist General George Washingtons army at New York. Marching south in September, Lincolns men reached southwest Connecticut when they received orders from Washington to mount a raid across Long Island Sound. As the American position in New York collapsed, new orders arrived directing Lincoln to join Washingtons army as it retreated north. Helping to cover the American withdrawal, he was present at the Battle of White Plains on October 28. With the enlistments of his men expiring, Lincoln returned to Massachusetts later in the fall to aid in raising new units. Later marching south, he took part in operations in the Hudson Valley in January before finally receiving a commission in the Continental Army. Appointed a major general on February 14, 1777, Lincoln reported to Washingtons winter quarters at Morristown, NJ. Benjamin Lincoln - To the North: Placed in command of the American outpost at Bound Brook, NJ, Lincoln came under attack by Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis on April 13. Badly outnumbered and nearly surrounded, he successfully extricated the bulk of his command before retreating. In July, Washington dispatched Lincoln north to aid Major General Philip Schuyler in blocking an offensive south over Lake Champlain by Major General John Burgoyne. Tasked with organizing militia from New England, Lincoln operated from a base in southern in southern Vermont and began planning raids on the British supply lines around Fort Ticonderoga. As he worked to grow his forces, Lincoln clashed with Brigadier General John Stark who refused to subjugate his New Hampshire militia to Continental authority. Operating independently, Stark won a decisive victory over Hessian forces at the Battle of Bennington on August 16. Benjamin Lincoln - Saratoga: Having built a force of around 2,000 men, Lincoln began moving against Fort Ticonderoga in early September. Sending three 500-man detachments forward, his men attacked on September 19 and captured everything in the area except the fort itself. Lacking siege equipment, Lincolns men withdrew after four days of harassing the garrison. As his men regrouped, orders arrived from Major General Horatio Gates, who had replaced Schuyler in mid-August, requesting that Lincoln bring his men to Bemis Heights. Arriving on September 29, Lincoln found that the first part of the Battle of Saratoga, the Battle of Freemans Farm, had already been fought. In the wake of the engagement, Gates and his chief subordinate, Major General Benedict Arnold, fell out leading to the latters dismissal. In reorganizing his command, Gates ultimately placed Lincoln in command of the armys right. When the second phase of the battle, the Battle of Bemis Heights, began on October 7, Lincoln remained in command of the American defenses while other elements of the army advanced to meet the British. As the fighting intensified, he directed reinforcements forward. The following day, Lincoln led a reconnaissance force forward and was wounded when a musket ball shattered his right ankle. Taken south to Albany for treatment, he then returned to Hingham to recover. Out of action for ten months, Lincoln rejoined Washingtons army in August 1778. During his convalescence, he had contemplated resigning over seniority issues but had been convinced to remain in the service. In September 1778, Congress appointed Lincoln to command the Southern Department replacing Major General Robert Howe. Benjamin Lincoln - In the South: Delayed in Philadelphia by Congress, Lincoln did not arrive at his new headquarters until December 4. As a result, he was unable to prevent the loss of Savannah later that month. Building his forces, Lincoln mounted a counter-offensive in Georgia in the spring of 1779 until a threat to Charleston, SC by Brigadier General Augustine Prevost forced him to fall back to defend the city. That fall, he utilized the new alliance with France to launch an attack against Savannah, GA. Partnering with French ships and troops under Vice Admiral Comte dEstaing, the two men laid siege to the city on September 16. As the siege dragged on, dEstaing became increasingly concerned about the threat posed to his ships by hurricane season and requested that the allied forces assault the British lines. Reliant on French support for continuing the siege, Lincoln had no choice but to agree. Moving forward, American and French forces attacked on October 8 but were unable to break through the British defenses. Though Lincoln pressed to continue the siege, dEstaing was unwilling to further risk his fleet. On October 18, the siege was abandoned and dEstaing departed the area. With the French departure, Lincoln retreated back to Charleston with his army. Working to strengthen his position at Charleston, he came under attack in March 1780 when a British invasion force led by Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton landed. Forced into the citys defenses, Lincolns men were soon besieged. With his situation rapidly worsening, Lincoln attempted to negotiate with Clinton in late April to evacuate the city. These efforts were rebuffed as were later attempts to negotiate a surrender. On March 12, with part of city burning and under pressure from civic leaders, Lincoln capitulated. Surrendering unconditionally, the Americans were not granted the traditional honors of war by Clinton. The defeat proved one of the worst of the conflict for the Continental Army and remains the US Armys third-largest surrender. Benjamin Lincoln - Yorktown: Paroled, Lincoln returned to his farm in Hingham to await his formal exchange. Though he requested a court of inquiry for his actions at Charleston, none was ever formed and no charges were brought against him for his conduct. In November 1780, Lincoln was exchanged for Major General William Phillips and Baron Friedrich von Riedesel who had been captured at Saratoga. Returning to duty, he spent the winter of 1780-1781 recruiting in New England before moving south to rejoin Washingtons army outside New York. In August 1781, Lincoln marched south as Washington sought to trap Cornwallis army at Yorktown, VA. Supported by French forces under Lieutenant General Comte de Rochambeau, the American army arrived at Yorktown on September 28. Leading the armys 2nd Division, Lincolns men took part in the resulting Battle of Yorktown. Besieging the British, the Franco-American army compelled Cornwallis to surrender on October 17. Meeting with Cornwallis at the nearby Moore House, Washington demanded the same harsh conditions that the British had required of Lincoln the year before at Charleston. At noon on October 19 the French and American armies lined up to await the British surrender. Two hours later the British marched out with flags furled and their bands playing The World Turned Upside Down. Claiming he was ill, Cornwallis sent Brigadier General Charles OHara in his stead. Approaching the allied leadership, OHara attempted to surrender to Rochambeau but was told by the Frenchman to approach the Americans. As Cornwallis was not present, Washington directed OHara to surrender to Lincoln, who was now serving as his second-in-command. Benjamin Lincoln - Later Life: At the end of October 1781, Lincoln was appointed Secretary of War by Congress. He remained in this post until the formal end of hostilities two years later. Resuming his life in Massachusetts, he began speculating on land in Maine as well as negotiated treaties with the areas Native Americans. In January 1787, Governor James Bowdoin asked Lincoln to lead a privately-funded army to put down Shays Rebellion in the central and western parts of the state. Accepting, he marched through the rebelling areas and put and end to large-scale organized resistance. Later that year, Lincoln ran and won the post of lieutenant governor. Serving one term under Governor John Hancock, he remained active in politics and participated in the Massachusetts convention that ratified the US Constitution. Lincoln later accepted the position of collector for the Port of Boston. Retiring in 1809, he died at Hingham on May 9, 1810 and was buried in the towns cemetery. Selected Sources History of War: Benjamin LincolnPatriot Resource: Benjamin Lincoln Massachusetts Historical Society: Benjamin Lincoln

buy custom Childhood Obesity and Health Research essay

buy custom Childhood Obesity and Health Research essay Purpose/Statement of the Problem According to research done in Mississippi in 2009, researchers surveyed over 15000 children under the age of 8-11 and discovered that most of the obese children are nervous and sad (Mississippi, West Group 2009). This has significantly affected their psychological growth and lead to their loss of appetite. Obesity is the condition where the body has accumulated too much fat because of an unbalanced diet or taking too much carbohydrate. It limits the lifespan of these obese children, hence wiping out future generations in the society. As a result, only the weak and old are left to enhance development and growth economically in the society. Although scientists have invented medication for children over the age of 16, they have still not yet discovered drugs to cure obesity or control the rate of obesity for children under the age of 16 (Kiess, 2004). The greatest and most traumatic effect of obesity in children is the risk of heart failure and diabetes. Moreover, the obese childrens parents are forced to incur massive medical bills to tender to their medical conditions, and this may result to lack of capital to educate the child (Davies, Fitzgerald Mousouli, 2007). Socially, obese children have extremely low self esteem. This denies them their childhood happiness, as they are stigmatized by their peers. This makes them withdraw socially from others in the society. The stigma from the peers also affects the childs performance in class since he, or she lacks self confidence (Flamenbaum, 2006). What is lacking is research into the quality of life that these children have once they become obesity free. As the general goal in obesity treatment is to keep the child alive, the psychosocial elements of the childs life are often neglected. In addition, there are various educational implications that obesity has on children, especially in school. Learning problems is an example of late effets that an obese child faces, and this affects his or her grades extremely (Brownell Fairburn, 2002). Research Question What are some of the ways that parents can respond to their children who are obese, so as to reduce some of the implications that obesity has on both their social and education development? Hypothesis Children recuperating from obesity will have better educational outcomes in schools, which have employed specific programs aimed at reintegrate children who have survived from obesity, as well as, those that have been absent in class due to diseases caused by obesity; hence, acknowledging the psychological, social, and educational effects of the disease, in those schools that do not. Plan of activities/Research design A comparative, cross-sectional descriptive research design will be employed to test this hypothesis involving children recovering from the diagnosis of diseases caused by obesity such as heart failure in Mississippi region. Participants Research participants will be elementary and middle school students (age 8 to 11) who are recovering from any form of heart failure cause by obesity requiring treatment. Participants will be recruited through a letter of information to parents sent on behalf of the School Board, with whom we have already secured support for this research. The children will be categorized into two groups according to the existence of a school support program. Recruitment from schools will continue until we have secured participation from enough children to enable the conduct of appropriate tests of significance of the effects of the obesity recovery program. Data collection First, the structure and organization of the various school re-entry programs will be examined to ensure that they are sufficiently comparable. Once this has been ascertained, participants will be asked, with the assistance of their parents, to fill in a series of questions pertaining to their obesity diagnosis, treatment regimen and prognosis, measures of their social economic status. This information has influence on educational outcomes and their educational scores in school on diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by obesity, such as heart failure and diabetes. Data analysis Childrens grades for three core courses (math, science, English) will be tabulated into an overall average (i.e., percentage) and compared via multiple regression by the existence of an obesity recovery program or not, controlling for the intervening variables noted above. Appropriate tests of significance will be conducted where possible to either confirm or disconfirm the research hypothesis. Potential significance The education of children who are obese and those who have survived from diseases caused by obesity is a particularly significant issue. This is because school is one of the primary agents of socialization for children and reinforces a sense of normalcy. This is especially noteworthy, since children with diseases caused by obesity have been forced to take up patient's role, rather than that of the student or child like their peers. With the information obtained through this research, future directions for school obesity recovery programs can be outlined based on the needs indicated by those affected. Buy custom Childhood Obesity and Health Research essay